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Mastering flat_map in Python with List Comprehension

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Introduction In Python, when working with nested lists or iterables, one common challenge is flattening them into a single list while applying transformations. Many programming languages provide a built-in flatMap function, but Python does not have an explicit flat_map method. However, Python’s powerful list comprehensions offer an elegant way to achieve the same functionality. This article examines implementation behavior using Python’s list comprehensions and other methods. What is flat_map ? Functional programming  flatMap is a combination of map and flatten . It transforms the collection's element and flattens the resulting nested structure into a single sequence. For example, given a list of lists, flat_map applies a function to each sublist and returns a single flattened list. Example in a Functional Programming Language: List(List(1, 2), List(3, 4)).flatMap(x => x.map(_ * 2)) // Output: List(2, 4, 6, 8) Implementing flat_map in Python Using List Comprehension Python’...

Hadoop HDFS Comics to Understand Quickly

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HDFS file system in Hadoop helps to store data supplied as input. Its fault-tolerant nature avoids data loss. About HDFS, the real story of fault-tolerant  given in Comic book for you to understand in less time. What is HDFS in Hadoop HDFS is optimized to support high-streaming read performance, and this comes at the expense of random seek performance. This means that if an application is reading from HDFS, it should avoid (or at least minimize) the number of seeks. Sequential reads are the preferred way to access HDFS files. HDFS supports only a limited set of operations on files — writes, deletes, appends, and reads, but not updates. It assumes that the data will be written to the HDFS once, and then read multiple times. HDFS does not provide a mechanism for local caching of data. The overhead of caching is large enough that data should simply be re-read from the source, which is not a problem for applications that are mostly doing sequential reads of large-sized da...