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Mastering flat_map in Python with List Comprehension

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Introduction In Python, when working with nested lists or iterables, one common challenge is flattening them into a single list while applying transformations. Many programming languages provide a built-in flatMap function, but Python does not have an explicit flat_map method. However, Python’s powerful list comprehensions offer an elegant way to achieve the same functionality. This article examines implementation behavior using Python’s list comprehensions and other methods. What is flat_map ? Functional programming  flatMap is a combination of map and flatten . It transforms the collection's element and flattens the resulting nested structure into a single sequence. For example, given a list of lists, flat_map applies a function to each sublist and returns a single flattened list. Example in a Functional Programming Language: List(List(1, 2), List(3, 4)).flatMap(x => x.map(_ * 2)) // Output: List(2, 4, 6, 8) Implementing flat_map in Python Using List Comprehension Python’...

How to Decode Python Exception Messages Like a Pro

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While developing python programs, you might see exception messages from python. Here's an explanation to understand each part of the message. Here're tips on how to understand python exceptions. You can find two kinds of exceptions. These are StandardError and StopIteration errors. Here is a chart that shows the types of python errors. Python exceptions class Python exceptions are basically three parts. Reading an error message produced by  Python is not very difficult . The error type, the error description, and the traceback. Understand the python exception message The Error Type There are so many in-built exception types in python. Here is the command to get all the exception types: [x for x in dir(__builtins__) if 'Error' in x] The Error description The text message right after the error type gives us a description of what exactly the problem was. These descriptions are sometimes very accurate, sometimes not. Sample error Traceback (most recent call last):     ...