Featured Post

Claude Code for Beginners: Step-by-Step AI Coding Tutorial

-
Image
 Artificial Intelligence is changing how developers write software. From generating code to fixing bugs and explaining complex logic, AI tools are becoming everyday companions for programmers. One such powerful tool is Claude Code , powered by Anthropic’s Claude AI model. If you’re a beginner or  an experienced developer looking to improve productivity, this guide will help you understand  what Claude Code is, how it works, and how to use it step-by-step . Let’s get started. What is Claude Code? Claude Code is an AI-powered coding assistant built on top of Anthropic’s Claude models. It helps developers by: Writing code from natural language prompts Explaining existing code Debugging errors Refactoring code for better readability Generating tests and documentation In simple words, you describe what you want in plain English, and Claude Code helps turn that into working code. It supports multiple programming languages, such as: Python JavaScri...
Post a Comment

Protocols: Top 6 Key Parts

-
In telecommunications, a protocol is a system of rules that allow two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information. The medium can be any kind of entity.

 iot protocols
 What is PROTOCOL
  1. Important aspects of networks that are neither devices nor media are rules or protocols. These rules are the standards and protocols that specify how the messages are sent, how they are directed through the network, and how they are interpreted at the destination devices. 
  2. For example, in the case of Jabber instant messaging, the XMPP, TCP, and IP protocols are all important sets of rules that enable our communication to occur.
  3. These are the rules or standard that defines the syntax, semantics, and synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of both.

Communicating systems

They use well-defined formats (protocol) for exchanging messages. 
  • Each message has an exact meaning intended to elicit a response from a range of possible responses pre-determined for that particular situation. 
  • The specified behavior is typically independent of how it is to be implemented. Communications protocols have to be agreed upon by the parties involved. 
  • To reach an agreement, a protocol may be developed into a technical standard. A programming language describes the same for computations, so there is a close analogy between protocols and programming languages: protocols are to communications as programming languages are to computations.

Most commonly used devices in a networking

  1. Switch - the most common device for interconnecting local area networks 
  2. Firewall - provides security to networks 
  3. Router - helps direct messages as they travel across a network 
  4. Wireless Router - a specific type of router often found in home networks 
  5. Cloud - used to summarise a group of network devices, the details of which may be unimportant to the discussion at hand 
  6. Serial Link - one form of WAN interconnection, represented by the lightning bolt-shaped line 

Comments

Post a Comment

Thanks for your message. We will get back you.

Popular posts from this blog

SQL Query: 3 Methods for Calculating Cumulative SUM

-
Image
SQL provides various constructs for calculating cumulative sums, offering flexibility and efficiency in data analysis. In this article, we explore three distinct SQL queries that facilitate the computation of cumulative sums. Each query leverages different SQL constructs to achieve the desired outcome, catering to diverse analytical needs and preferences. Using Window Functions (e.g., PostgreSQL, SQL Server, Oracle) SELECT id, value, SUM(value) OVER (ORDER BY id) AS cumulative_sum  FROM your_table; This query uses the SUM() window function with the OVER clause to calculate the cumulative sum of the value column ordered by the id column. Using Subqueries (e.g., MySQL, SQLite): SELECT t1.id, t1.value, SUM(t2.value) AS cumulative_sum FROM your_table t1 JOIN your_table t2 ON t1.id >= t2.id GROUP BY t1.id, t1.value ORDER BY t1.id; This query uses a self-join to calculate the cumulative sum. It joins the table with itself, matching rows where the id in the first table is greater than...
Read more

Step-by-Step Guide to Reading Different Files in Python

-
Image
 In the world of data science, automation, and general programming, working with files is unavoidable. Whether you’re dealing with CSV reports, JSON APIs, Excel sheets, or text logs, Python provides rich and easy-to-use libraries for reading different file formats. In this guide, we’ll explore how to read different files in Python , with code examples and best practices. 1. Reading Text Files ( .txt ) Text files are the simplest form of files. Python’s built-in open() function handles them effortlessly. Example: # Open and read a text file with open ( "sample.txt" , "r" ) as file: content = file.read() print (content) Explanation: "r" mode means read . with open() automatically closes the file when done. Best Practice: Always use with to handle files to avoid memory leaks. 2. Reading CSV Files ( .csv ) CSV files are widely used for storing tabular data. Python has a built-in csv module and a powerful pandas library. Using cs...
Read more

5 SQL Queries That Popularly Used in Data Analysis

-
Image
 Here are five popular SQL queries frequently used in data analysis. 1. SELECT with Aggregations Summarize data by calculating aggregates like counts, sums, averages, etc. SELECT department, COUNT(*) as employee_count, AVG(salary) as average_salary FROM employees GROUP BY department; 2. JOIN Operations  Combine data from multiple tables based on a related column. SELECT e.employee_id, e.name, d.department_name FROM employees e JOIN departments d ON e.department_id = d.department_id; 3. WHERE Clause for Filtering Filter records based on specified conditions. SELECT * FROM sales WHERE sale_date BETWEEN '2024-01-01' AND '2024-12-31'   AND amount > 1000; 4. ORDER BY Clause for Sorting Sort results in ascending or descending order based on one or more columns. SELECT product_name, price FROM products ORDER BY price DESC; 5. GROUP BY with HAVING Clause Group records and apply conditions to the aggregated results. SELECT department, SUM(salary) as total_salaries FROM employ...
Read more