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Python map() and lambda() Use Cases and Examples

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 In Python, map() and lambda functions are often used together for functional programming. Here are some examples to illustrate how they work. Python map and lambda top use cases 1. Using map() with lambda The map() function applies a given function to all items in an iterable (like a list) and returns a map object (which can be converted to a list). Example: Doubling Numbers numbers = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ] doubled = list ( map ( lambda x: x * 2 , numbers)) print (doubled) # Output: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10] 2. Using map() to Convert Data Types Example: Converting Strings to Integers string_numbers = [ "1" , "2" , "3" , "4" , "5" ] integers = list ( map ( lambda x: int (x), string_numbers)) print (integers) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] 3. Using map() with Multiple Iterables You can also use map() with more than one iterable. The lambda function can take multiple arguments. Example: Adding Two Lists Element-wise list1 = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]
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8 Popular Encryption Methods Real Usage

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The process of replacing original data with special-characters is called an Encryption. A highly secured server handles the encryption and Decryption. You need a private key to decrypt the data. Else, you cannot decrypt the data.

Private keys are two types. The sender uses one private key and the receiver uses one other private key.

I have given in this post about 8 encryption methods.

Flow Diagram of Encryption


encryption
image courtesy by digit.in

 

Different Encryption Methods

  1. Classic Cipher
  2. Random Key Generation
  3. RSA Token
  4. Hash Functions
  5. Mac value - Message Authentication code
  6. Key Hash
  7. TLS Protocol
  8. Authenticated Cipher

 1. Classic Cipher.

The best example is this kind of algorithm was used in world war -II communication machines.

2. Random Key Generations.

One kind of security. They use an algorithm that sends random numbers. People use that number as a password. 

3. RSA Token.

Every 30 seconds a token is generated. Mostly people use for financial applications. An extra identity mechanism along with user id and password.

4. Hash Functions.

It assigns a hash value for each input data value. So that the third person cannot map to original data. The hash value is either 256 or 512 bits.

5. MAC Value.

It is also called message authentication value. It takes 3 types of input. 

6. Key Hash.

Key hash is a little different than the Hash Function. In the case of the Hash function, the reverse calculation of 256 or 512 bits gives a clue to original data. So the possibility of hacking you can find in Hash functions.

So Key Hash came into the picture. The data first go through a MAC algorithm, where it creates a Tag called MAC tag. So in the Key Hash process, one additional data transmitted that is called MAC Tag.

One more mechanism is Pseudorandom Functions also called PRFs. Where it calculates random key.

7. TLS Protocol.

TLS is a transport layer security protocol(TLS). It works basically like an internet security layer. This works as a middle layer between the Server and Website.


8. Authenticated Cipher.

In this case, both encryptions, MAC tags help to check the authenticity of data or transactions.


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