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Mastering flat_map in Python with List Comprehension

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Introduction In Python, when working with nested lists or iterables, one common challenge is flattening them into a single list while applying transformations. Many programming languages provide a built-in flatMap function, but Python does not have an explicit flat_map method. However, Python’s powerful list comprehensions offer an elegant way to achieve the same functionality. This article examines implementation behavior using Python’s list comprehensions and other methods. What is flat_map ? Functional programming  flatMap is a combination of map and flatten . It transforms the collection's element and flattens the resulting nested structure into a single sequence. For example, given a list of lists, flat_map applies a function to each sublist and returns a single flattened list. Example in a Functional Programming Language: List(List(1, 2), List(3, 4)).flatMap(x => x.map(_ * 2)) // Output: List(2, 4, 6, 8) Implementing flat_map in Python Using List Comprehension Python’...
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The Amazing Points on IoT for Absolute Beginners

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How things are connected in the IoT world. IT jobs are growing in this area across the world. Earlier, we discussed how the IoT refers to the interconnection of distinguishable smart/intelligent objects or "things" and their virtual manifestation within the Internet or other IP structure.

The Basics in IoT

The increased capability of processors (8-, 16- or 32-bit microcontrollers), memory (several tens of kilobytes), storage, possible nowadays to connect anything at an affordable cost.

IoT Devices

  • The devices always may not be small objects and battery operated. They may be big and are operated with electrical power too.
  • The smart objects connected to a grid, and where the control system connected to a pool of software controllers. The generated data is a huge asset, which then passed to the data analysis engine.

IP Scalability

  1. The scalability and flexibility of IP are suitable for the diverse range and a potential number of applications, and it is its well-established architecture, with existing applications for email, Voice over IP (VoIP), video streaming, and so on, that affords the protocol its robust and adaptable usage. 
  2. The IP stack has been regarded as large and perhaps cumbersome, requiring high amounts of processing power and memory.

New Generation Protocols

  • However, several lightweight revisions have emerged to accommodate smaller devices and lower energy footprints. Furthermore, the lightweight nature of the new generation IP stack has allowed itself to be used in conjunction with other protocols, such as low power Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and Bluetooth low energy. 
  • Since IP can run over almost anything, adapting the stack to run over ZigBee or Bluetooth low energy, for example, is a relatively straightforward task, as we highlight in Figure 6.3. As can be seen in the figure, a 6loWPAN adaptation layer is used cohesively to allow both ZigBee and Bluetooth low energy to coexist with the upper layers of the IP stack, namely IPv6 and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) /Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

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